Parisa Alizadeh

Tomato is an important product in the world of agricultural economy and people's food basket, and its production has increased in the world in recent years. Considering the importance of tomatoes and Iran's position in its production, the current research was conducted with the aim of economic analysis of tomato production, productivity and efficiency, with an emphasis on land integration management in Kamyaran city as a tomato production pole in the west of the country. In this research, a sample of 200 tomato growers in Kamyaran city was determined through simple random sampling and the necessary information and data were collected cross-sectionally for the crop year 1402-1401 through interviews and completing questionnaires. In this research, the total productivity of the production factors was calculated through Kendrick's weighted index and technical efficiency was calculated using the stochastic frontier production function method. The findings show that there is a direct relationship between the size of the farm and the productivity of the total production factors and the technical efficiency of the tomato growers in the region under investigation. According to the results, the average productivity and efficiency of the tomato crop in large farms was much higher than in medium and small farms. Using econometric criteria, the Cobb-Douglas functional form was considered as the most suitable form of the tomato production function, and in order to investigate the factors affecting the efficiency and productivity of the production factors, the Cobb-Douglas and semi-logarithmic functional forms were used, respectively. The results showed that, among the production inputs, the cultivated area has the most positive and significant effect on the production rate, efficiency and productivity of all production factors of this product. Also, the variables of machinery, labor and the number of times of irrigation have a positive effect and the inputs of animal manure, chemical fertilizer, liquid poison and fungicide have a negative effect on the amount of production, efficiency and productivity of the entire production factors of this product. Among the socio-economic variables, the age variable has a negative effect and the variable of agricultural work experience and education have a positive effect on the production rate, efficiency and productivity of the total factors of tomato production in Kamyaran city. According to the results obtained from the research, in order to increase the efficiency and productivity of all production factors of this product, increase the level of technical knowledge of farmers, teach management techniques to farmers in order to improve their decision-making and performance, support policies of the government and provide financial facilities to farmers in order to encourage them. It is recommended to use new technologies. Also, in order to solve the problem of fragmentation and dispersion of farms, solutions such as the implementation of land integration plan, voluntary exchange of parts, cooperative agriculture and land integration management are recommended.

Milk is the most valuable food that contains almost all the necessary substances for human growth and survival, and is very important in the nutrition and development of children. It is the only food that can provide most of the human nutritional needs in a balanced way. In terms of nutrition and health, the annual consumption of dairy products in a country is an indication of the socio-economic status and the health of the people in that society. Since the raw milk capacity in cities is limited, it is necessary to investigate the distribution channels and factors affecting the choice of the marketing channel to help the efficiency of the marketing system. In this study, 4 raw milk sales channels including (direct sales to the factory), (sales to local buyer, final consumer), (sales to the intermediary,-local buyer and-final consumer) and (direct sales to final consumer) as well as 3 secondary product channels including (direct sales to final consumer), (sales to local buyer and-final consumer) and (sales to the intermediary,-local buyer and-final consumer) were studied. Accordingly, 120 traditional livestock farmers, 40 semi-industrial livestock farmers, 2 dairy processing workshops, 30 dairy stores and 1 milk collection center were selected as samples for the study. Sampling of livestock farmers in Saqqez County, Kurdistan Province was done by simple random sampling and data were collected by completing questionnaires. Using the multinomial logit model, the factors affecting the choice of marketing channel types were examined. Based on the research findings, 37.1% of livestock farmers sell their raw milk products through the first channel, 27% through the second channel, 15.7% through the third channel, and 20.2% through the fourth channel. Also, 25.5% of livestock farmers sell their secondary products through the first channel, 37.7% through the second channel, and 36.8% through the third marketing channel. The results showed that with increasing age, the probability of choosing the first channel decreases and the probability of choosing the second, third, and fourth channels increases. Also, with increasing distance from the farm to the city center, the probability of choosing the fourth channel decreases and the probability of choosing the first, second, and third channels increases. Finally, in order to improve the marketing situation of raw milk and increase its efficiency, it was suggested that livestock farmers' cooperatives be established to increase the bargaining power of producers and reduce the power of market intermediaries.