Aram Sharifi

Copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) produced through green chemistry exhibit notable antibacterial and catalytic properties, making them highly relevant for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Combining microbially produced Cu-NPs with antibiotics can enhance antibacterial therapies and reduce disease resistance. In the first phase of this study, Cu-NPs were synthesized extracellularly using a biomass-free extract from Ralstonia spp. and precursors SM8 and copper nitrate. The nanoparticles were characterized using various techniques, including ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential analysis, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. UV-Vis spectroscopy confirmed the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of the Cu-NPs at 552 nm. FESEM micrographs revealed nanoparticles ranging from 8 to 113 nm in size, with an average of 60-71 nm. EDX spectra identified copper-related peaks, confirming the presence of Cu-NPs. DLS analysis showed a hydrodynamic size of 78.2 nm in aqueous solution, and the zeta potential was -1.5 mV, indicating high physical stability. FTIR and XRD confirmed the presence of bioactive functional groups and copper nanocrystals. In the second phase, the antibacterial properties of Cu-NPs were tested against four bacterial strains: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The study assessed the anti-biofilm capabilities of Cu-NPs and their synergistic effects with penicillin and cefixime, as well as their impact on bacterial motility (swarming, swimming, and twitching). Additionally, the effect of Cu-NPs on Staphylococcus aureus efflux pump activity was evaluated using a fluorometric method. The findings indicate that the green synthesis of copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) using bacterial biomass-free extracts is an effective and sustainable approach for producing nanomaterials with a range of applications. The synthesized Cu-NPs exhibited notable antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, demonstrating significant effects even at doses below the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). They also effectively prevented biofilm formation and, at half the MIC, synergistically enhanced the antibacterial action of penicillin and cefixime by inhibiting bacterial motility. Moreover, Cu-NPs disrupted bacterial cell membranes and blocked the efflux pump of Staphylococcus aureus. Overall, the Cu-NPs produced through this green synthesis method show promise for future antibacterial applications.

The rise in antibiotic resistance and the increasing prevalence of infectious diseases have a significant impact on global health. To address this problem, combinatorial on medications can be used to improve antibiotic efficacy and decrease inhibitory concentrations. Due to their small size and high surface-to-volume ratio, metallic nanoparticles are being investigated broadly to achieve this purpose and improve their compatibility, solubility, and multifunctionality. The purpose of this research is to find out the potential synergy between Fe2O3-NPs (NPs) that are synthesized biologically and standard antibiotics in fighting resistant bacterial strains. The Fe2O3-NPs were synthesized using Bacillus sp. GMS10 culture and the iron sulfate precursor, FeSO4.7H2O. Various techniques were used to characterize the properties of the nanoparticles post-synthesis, including UV-visible spectrometry , field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray energy dispersion spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential measurement, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The successful synthesis of Fe2O3-NPs was confirmed, with UV-visible spectrometry revealing a strong absorption peak at 228 nm. The nanoparticles were primarily spherical, averaging 30 nm in size. DLS analysis indicated an average nanoparticle size of 36.3 nm with a dispersion index of 0.31, while the zeta potential was measured at -25.1 mV, suggesting stability. FTIR analysis implied that proteins are instrumental in the nanoparticles' formation and stabilization. In the next step of the study the antibacterial and anti-virulence properties of Fe2O3-NPs against some pathogenic bacteria including: Staphylococcus aurous, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were investigated. Using the disc diffusion method, the antibacterial properties of Fe2O3-NPs were tested. In addition the MIC and MBC values were determined against tested bacteria. Sub-MIC concentrations of Fe2O3 were then used to test the anti-virulence effects of nanoparticles, including biofilm inhibition, antibiotic synergistic effects, bacterial motility inhibition, cell membrane disruption and efflux pump inhibition potential. Based on results, the Fe2O3-NPs exhibits respectable antibacterial activity (MICs were between 2.5 and 50 µg.ml-1 and MBCs were between 5 and 100 µg.ml-1). Additionally, the studied Fe2O3-NPs were able to affect most of the bacterial virulence factors at sub-MIC concentrations. These factors included the inhibition of biofilm formation at MIC/2 concentration, the inhibition of motility for motile bacteria at MIC/2 concentration, the synergistic interaction with cefixime and penicillin antibiotics, and the inhibition of the S. aureus efflux pump. Based on the observed data, it can be stated that the green method's nanoparticles can inhibit the tested bacteria, which could lead to their application as useful antibacterial substances in the future.

Antibiotic resistance is a significant health issue worldwide because it reduces the effectiveness of antibiotics in treating bacterial infections. This problem is not only poses a threat to antibiotic treatments, but it also increases healthcare costs and causes burdens on public health systems. As a result, it is becoming more important to explore both natural and synthetic substances with distinctive antimicrobial properties. Among these substances, Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) have surfaced as a potential solution for treating bacterial diseases. The study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial capabilities of biologically synthesized magnetite nanoparticles. The Fe3O4-NPs were generated using the culture supernatant from the Alcaligenes sp. strain CR8441, with Fe2O3 acting as the precursor. Following synthesis, the nanoparticles were subjected to an extensive analysis using a variety of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. Fe3O4-NPs were synthesized with the confirmation of strong absorption peaks at 235 and 293 nm. According to the analysis, the nanoparticles were found to be spherical or slightly elliptical and have an average size of 36 nm. The DLS results indicated an average size of 53.6 nm for the synthesized Fe3O4-NPs, with a dispersion index of 0.31. The zeta potential of the synthesized Fe3O4-NPs was measured as -2.3 mV. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of cubic spinel Fe3O4-NPs. FTIR analysis revealed that organic compounds containing O-H, C=O, C-O, and N-H groups acted as effective coating agents during the synthesis. In the next step of the study the antibacterial activities of Fe3O4 nanoparticle were investigated using disc diffusion method and also determination of MIC and MBC values against four bacterial strains; two gram positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and two gram negative bacteria, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Then, the anti-virulence effects of nanoparticles such as inhibition of biofilm formation, also tested for synergistic effects with penicillin and Cefixime antibiotics, bacterial motility inhibition, cell membrane disruption and efflux pump inhibition were performed at sub-MIC concentrations. Based on the results, the Fe3O4 nanoparticle has acceptable antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (MIC were from 2.5-50 µg.ml-1, and MBC were from 5- 100 µg.ml-1). Also, at sub-MIC concentration, the investigated Fe3O4 nanoparticle has effective anti-virulence factors potential, including: inhibition of biofilm formation at MIC/2 concentration, motility inhibition at MIC/2 (for motile bacteria), synergistic interaction with penicillin and Cefixime antibiotics with FICI <0.5, cell membrane disruption and inhibition of S. aureus efflux pump. According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that the nanoparticles obtained by the green method are capable of controlling the studied bacteria, which can be used as effective antibacterial compounds in future realizations. While further studies, especially cytotoxicity and in vivo studies are required before clinical use.

The Asteraceae family comprises numerous flowering plants, consisting of 1600 genera and 23000 species worldwide. The species Achillea Biebersteinii has been utilized for centuries in traditional medicine globally, possessing properties such as pain relief and wound healing, and has been employed as an herbal remedy in traditional medicine. This article investigates the phytochemical properties of the extract of A. Biebersteinii species through tests including assessment of its antioxidant potential using DPPH and FRAP methods, evaluation of phenolic and flavonoid contents, as well as analysis of compounds using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). Additionally, after preparing nanoemulsions via the emulsion phase inversion method, the antimicrobial properties of the extract and essential oil, along with the produced nanoemulsions, were compared through tests including the zone of inhibition assay, biofilm formation inhibition assay, antibiotic synergy test, and determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The results of the FRAP and DPPH antioxidant tests demonstrate the extract's good iron reduction and radical scavenging abilities. However, significant differences were observed compared to standards such as ascorbic acid and Trolox. The effective concentration for DPPH radical inhibition (IC50=964μg/ml) was determined. Although the extract was incapable of reducing 50% of Fe3+, the calculation of its EC50 was therefore disregarded. Furthermore, the results of total phenolic and flavonoid content analysis of the studied species indicated the presence of 66.30 mg gallic acid and 55.41 mg quercetin per gram of extract, respectively. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the essential oil of this species revealed 58 compounds, with the highest volume percentage belonging to monoterpenoids (such as camphor, eucalyptol), terpinols, and aromatic hydrocarbons, which are utilized in food, cosmetic, hygiene, and pharmaceutical industries. Based on the results from the biofilm formation inhibition assay, nanoemulsions prepared from the essential oil exhibited better efficacy compared to natural oil. Nanoessential oil of this species showed more significant inhibition of biofilm formation in the fungal pathogen Candida albicans compared to bacterial strains Eschrichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The extract showed positive effects against E. coli in inhibiting biofilm formation. According to the results of the antibiogram test, based on the zone of inhibition, the plant extract exhibited significant effectiveness against C. albicans at both concentrations (100 and 300 micrograms per milliliter). The extract also inhibited the growth of S. aureus. Nanoemulsions also showed positive effects at higher concentrations against bacterial strains Bacillus cereus and S. aureus. However, no significant results were observed for antibiotic synergy tests and MIC/MBC assays. This implies that microbial growth was observed at all concentrations of the plant extract used, and no enhancement in microbial proliferation inhibition was observed in any concentration of the extract combined with antibiotics. Nevertheless, due to its notable antioxidant property and inhibition of growth and proliferation of fungal pathogen C. albicans and bacterial strains such as Bacillus cereus and S. aureus, it could be utilized, provided the preservation of its species, in pharmaceutical and food industries.

The genus Allium belongs to the family Amaryllidaceae (the Amaryllis family) of the flowering plant order and is part of the monocotyledonous group, one of the largest families in this group. This extensive taxon includes approximately 918 heterogeneous species worldwide, which are native to dry and temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Allium saralicum, with a regional distribution in Iran, Turkey, and Iraq, is one of the species that has been reported for its medicinal properties in numerous studies. The aim of this research was to study ecotypes from the Saral region of Kurdistan province and to investigate the phytochemistry of various aerial parts (stem, leaf, and flower) of this species, as well as to examine the cytotoxic effect of ethanol and methanol extracts of these parts on HeLa cancer cells. Antioxidant capacity of the species was assessed using FRAP and DPPH methods, phenol and flavonoid content were measured using Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods respectively, and cellular toxicity was evaluated using the MTT assay. Furthermore, the chemical compounds present in the methanol extract of aerial parts of A. saralicum were analyzed using GC method. FRAP test results indicated that methanol leaf extract of A. saralicum exhibited the highest reducing power compared to other samples, while the lowest reducing power was attributed to ethanol flower extract of the same species. In DPPH antioxidant assay, ethanol leaf extract showed the highest radical scavenging activity, whereas ethanol flower extract of A. saralicum exhibited the lowest activity, similar to the FRAP test results. The lowest concentration required to inhibit 30% of radicals (IC30) was obtained for ethanol leaf extract (171.68 µg/ml), while the highest belonged to ethanol flower extract (1299.42 µg/ml). In terms of phenolic content, methanol leaf extract had the highest amount (233409.0 ± 42273.17 mg AG/gr extract), while ethanol leaf extract had the lowest (50593.14 ± 275505.0 mg AG/gr extract). Ethanol leaf extract also showed the highest flavonoid content (9846.3 ± 327.37 mg Quercetin/gr extract), while ethanol flower extract had the lowest (50593.9 ± 09833.0 mg Quercetin/gr extract). Chemical analysis of methanol extract of all aerial parts of A. saralicum revealed three compounds with high percentages. The highest percentage was attributed to Methyl 2-cyano-3,4-Dimethyl-4-phenylcrotonate, which is an ester group compound, and two other compounds were examined in chemical databases but no similar compounds were found. In MTT cytotoxicity assay, all samples demonstrated significant effects on the viability of cancer cells at various concentrations, even at low concentrations, cell viability decreased. Based on the results obtained, A. saralicum can be introduced as a medicinal species in the province, and by paying attention to the conservation of its biodiversity, it can be introduced to the pharmaceutical industry.

Araceae is a monocotyledonous plant family that includes approximately 144 genera and over 3645 species divided into numerous subfamilies. Several Araceae species have been cultivated by humans for a variety of purposes ranging from food to medicine. The current study used dried leaves and flowers of the chosen plant species that were obtained from the Kurdistan region of Iraq and the Kosalan mountain region of Iran to assess the antioxidant, antibacterial, and synergistic effects of certain Araceae. For this study, two Araceae species—Arum conophalloids L. and Eminium intortum (Bloome) schott—were selected. After drying for one to two weeks at room temperature in the shade and out of the sun, methanolic extracts of a given species were prepared. The DPPH and FRAP tests were performed to evaluate the extracts' antioxidant activity. The Folin-Ciocalteau and aluminum chloride color complex techniques were used to measure the total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, respectively. The identification of chemical components and the produced metabolites was carried out using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis. Additionally, a variety of antimicrobial tests, such as the agar well diffusion test, disc diffusion test, MIC, MBC, biofilm assay and synergistic effect with common antibiotics were conducted to determine their effect upon bacterial and fungal cells. The study's findings indicated that both Arum (leaf and flower) and Eminium (leaf and flower) extracts had low antioxidant capacities, Eminium intortum leaf extract had the highest antioxidant capacity belongs to the Arum species and Eminium intortum flower extracts. The assessment of antioxidant capacity using the FRAP method with Reduction inhibition percent showed that E.intortum leaf had the highest reductive power and the DPPH test results, with their IC20 values showed that Eminium intortum flower extract is more effective in inhibiting free radicals compared to other extracts. Additionally, E.intortum leaf extract exhibited the highest flavonoid content with 16.55952±6.101998 milligrams of quercetin per gram of extract. Although A.conophalloides leaf allocated the highest phenolic content to itself with 19.32927±1.24647 milligrams of gallic acid per gram of extract. The bioactive compounds found in Arum conophalloides leaf extract were identified by GC-MS analysis. These included cadin-3,5-diene (a sesquiterpenoids), Vitamin A, 6-Aza-5,7,12,14-tetrathiapentacene (alkaloids) and (steroids, monoterpenoids) Cyclopentane, 1,2-dimethyl-3-(1-methylethenyl). Other bioactive compounds found in Eminium intortum leaf included 2,6,10-TRIMETHYL,14-ETHYLENE-14-PENTADECNE (terpenoids), Phthalic acid esters (dialkyl), 4,7-Diphenyl-9-dimethylamino-5H-dibenzo[c,e]azepin (Benzazepines), and 3-METHYL-5-DIPHENYLDIHYDRAFURAN (Fatty Acids).Additionally, Antimicrobial tests indicated that Eminium intortum flower extract had greatest inhibitory effects on the candida albicans with low concentration of extract but does not show any inhibitory effect on the tested bacteria with the same concentration, while at higher concentration 100mg/ml the extracts have a few effects on Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was approximately ineffective, among the studied bacteria, all extracts showed the higher ability to inhibit bacteria growth against Bacillus subtilis and they are don’t have any inhibitory effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa even at higher concentration. The MIC and MBC test performed for all extracts against Bacillus subtilis and candida albicans, only Arum conophaloids leaf extract make inhibition at 50mg/ml two-fold decrease on Bacillus subtilis.As well as the checkerboard test was showed that the effectiveness of various extracts in augmenting the potency of the commonly employed antibiotics, penicillin and Amphotericin B, against Bacillus cereus and Candida albicans. Following a 24-hour period, noteworthy enhancements were observed in the efficacy of both antibiotics for the specified microorganisms. biofilm formation assay tests were performed for extracts do not show antimicrobial activity, it produces a false positive inhibition in studies microbes due to the presence of small extract particles.

In this research, the first step involved an examination of the biological properties of the extract from the species Pimpinella anthriscoides within the Umbelliferae family. The extract of this plant was assessed for its antioxidant properties using methods such as Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, as well as the total phenolic and flavonoid content. Due to the absence of essential oil in this species and the extract's inability to inhibit the growth of target bacteria, the species Hymenocrater longiflorus from the Lamiaceae family was selected. Antioxidant tests, assessment of phenolic and flavonoid content, and various microbial evaluations were also conducted for the extract of this species. The amount of essential oil obtained from the aerial parts of this species was negligible, and it was insufficient for conducting additional microbial tests (biofilm inhibition, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC)). Therefore, another species from the Lamiaceae family, Thymus kotschyanus, was chosen for comparison with H. longiflorus, as it had a significantly higher essential oil yield. The biological properties of T. kotschyanus included an examination of its antioxidant capacity using FRAP and DPPH methods, phenolic content using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, flavonoid content using the aluminum chloride colorimetric method, and antimicrobial effects using various techniques (zone of inhibition using disk diffusion, tube dilution method for estimating MBC and MIC, and quantitative and qualitative assessment of biofilm inhibition) against the bacterial strains Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The results of the FRAP assay showed that H. longiflorus exhibited higher reducing power at all concentrations compared to the other two plant species. Although the DPPH assay indicated that the extract and essential oil of T. kotschyanus were more effective in scavenging free radicals. Evaluation of phenolic and flavonoid content revealed that P. anthriscoides had the highest flavonoid content at 1/100 milligrams quercetin per gram of extract and the highest phenolic content at 36.65 milligrams gallic acid per gram of extract. However, the results of microbial tests demonstrated that even at the highest concentration, the extract of P. anthriscoides was ineffective in inhibiting the growth of the studied Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. Therefore, further microbial tests with the presence of this species' extract were abandoned. H. longiflorus extract produced a growth inhibition zone with a diameter of 13 millimeters for S. aureus and 8 millimeters for E. coli at the highest concentration (300 mg/mlµ), which was acceptable compared to the other two species' extracts that were ineffective in inhibiting bacterial proliferation. The essential oil of H. longiflorus also generated a growth inhibition zone with a diameter of 7 millimeters against E. coli at the highest concentration (100 μl/mlµ). The essential oil of T. kotschyanus exhibited growth inhibition zones with diameters of 14 and 16 millimeters against E. coli, and 13 and 16 millimeters against S. aureus at concentrations of 25 and 50 microliters per milliliter of oil, respectively. At a concentration of 100 microliters per milliliter, this oil induced 100% killing for both bacterial strains, preventing their growth and proliferation to form biofilms. MIC tests for T. kotschyanus showed that at lower concentrations, the essential oil was capable of inhibiting bacterial proliferation (MIC=6.25 µl for S. aureus and MIC=12.5 µl for E. coli). Biofilm inhibition assessment also indicated that the essential oil of T. kotschyanus was effective at MIC/2 but showed no significant results at MIC/4 and MIC/8. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the essential oil from T. kotschyanus revealed that its major component was Linalool (49.17%). The acceptable antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the essential oil and extract from H. longiflorus and T. kotschyanus suggest their potential medicinal value.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of adding selected probiotic compounds (fructo-oligosaccharide, mannan-oligosaccharide, inulin and xylo-oligosaccharide) to the diet of broiler chickens using a network meta-analysis. The search terms used to identify eligible studies for inclusion in the network meta-analysis were "probiotics", "xylo-oligosaccharides", "mannan-oligosaccharides", "fructo-oligosaccharides", "inulin", "galacto-oligosaccharide", "antibiotics", "broiler chickens", "body weight", "feed intake" and "feed conversion ratio". A total of 48 valid articles were found from journals and databases after applying inclusion/exclusion criteria. The data were arranged in separate pre-designed sheets in Microsoft Excel 2021 based on the studied trait (BW; body weight, FI; feed intake, FCR; feed conversion ratio). The extracted data organization included author name and year of publication, bird breed, treatments, probiotic supplementation level, basal diet, rearing period, sample size, treatment mean, standard error/standard deviation. Network meta-analysis and analysis were then performed using R software. The results of the meta-analysis showed that the treatment with 1.5 g of fructo-oligosaccharide (F 1.5g) had a more positive effect on body weight compared to other treatments and could improve body weight in chickens. After that, the treatment with 1.2 g of inulin (I 1.2g) ranked second with a very small difference. For the trait FCR (feed conversion ratio), the results showed that the treatment of 1.5 g of mannan-oligosaccharide (M 1.5g) had a better effect on FCR compared to other treatments and could improve feed conversion ratio in chickens. After that, the treatment of 2 g of fructo-oligosaccharide (F 2g) ranked second. For the trait FI (feed intake), the information from the graphs and comparisons showed that the treatment of 3 g of xylo-oligosaccharide (X 3g) had a better effect on FI compared to other treatments and could have a positive effect on feed intake in chickens. After that, the treatment of 0.5 g of mannan-oligosaccharide (M 0.5g) ranked second. According to the results of the present network meta-analysis which identified the effective treatments on the three studied traits including body weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratio with a probability higher than 95%, it is suggested that the proposed treatments (1.5 g of fructo-oligosaccharides for body weight, 1.5 g of mannan-oligosaccharides for feed conversion ratio and 3g of xylo-oligosaccharides for feed intake) could be tested in broiler chicken diets to examine the accuracy of the findings.

The umbelliferous family, with around 440 genera and 3,500 species, is considered one of the largest plant families in the world. It has various applications in terms of consumption, medicinal use, cosmetics, and hygiene. Understanding the chemical compositions and biological effects of species within this family is crucial for advancing medical and pharmaceutical goals. This study focuses on investigating the essential oils and extracts of three species (Chaerophyllum macrospermum, Prangos ferulacea, Ferula orientalis) from the Kurdistan region. The biological properties of these target species were evaluated, including antioxidant capacity using FRAP and DPPH methods, phenolic and flavonoid content determination, by Folin–Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetry respectively, and antimicrobial effects against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus using various methods. Among the studied species, C. macrospermum was selected for its successful properties, and the anticancer effect of its essential oil was evaluated on HeLa cell lines using the MTT method. Probable chemical compounds in the essential oils were identified using GC-Ms. Evaluating antioxidant capacity using the FRAP method revealed that C. macrospermum and F. orientalis had the highest reductive power, with respective IC50 values of 854±1.51 μg/ml and 916±1.51 μg/ml in the DPPH assay. Moreover, C. macrospermum exhibited the highest flavonoid content at 1.3±31.28 mg quercetin per gram of extract, while P. ferulacea had the highest phenolic content at 0.38±30.82 mg gallic acid per gram of extract. Antimicrobial tests showed that P. ferulacea extracts and essential oil had no effect on the growth of Gram-positive (S. aureus) and Gram-negative (E. coli) bacteria. However, C. macrospermum essential oil inhibited growth and induced lethality at concentrations of 75 and 150 microliters per milliliter. It also significantly affected biofilm formation, particularly in Gram-positive strains, even at concentrations below 75 microliters per milliliter. The cytotoxicity of C. macrospermum essential oil on HeLa cell lines was evaluated, demonstrating its anticancer potential even at low concentrations (18.75 μl/ml). Despite higher absorption due to partial insolubility in 1% DMSO as a solvent at higher concentrations (a pseudo-absorption effect), the images of cells indicated cytotoxic effects of the essential oil in all concentrations, confirming its positive impact. Chemical composition analysis of the studied essential oil showed that C. macrospermum had the highest percentages of ψ-Limonene, L-α-Pinene, and Ocimene-β; F. orientalis had the highest percentages of α-Pinene and Fenchyl acetate; and P. ferulacea contained predominant compounds like 3-Carene and Terpinene-ɣ. Based on the research findings, the studied species are rich sources of monoterpenes and esters, with C. macrospermum and F. orientalis showing high potential for pharmaceutical and food industries.

در این آزمایش اثرات استفاده از 5 درصد سبوس گندم )تخمیری یا تخمیر نشده) و آنزیم فیتاز در جیره‌های رقیق شده بررسی شد. به این منظور از 480 قطعه جوجه گوشتی یک روزه سویه‌ی راس 308 (مخلوط نر و ماده) در قالب 6 تیمار، هر تیمار شامل 5 تکرار (16 قطعه در هر تکرار) استفاده شد. جیره‌های آزمایشی شامل جیره شاهد، شاهد حاوی 5 درصد سبوس گندم تخمیر نشده و جیره‌های رقیق شده (سطح کلسیم، فسفر قابل دسترس و سدیم به ترتیب به میزان 16/0، 15/0 و 03/0 درصد پایین‌تر از جیره شاهد است) شامل جیره رقیق شده حاوی 5 درصد سبوس گندم معمولی، جیره رقیق شده حاوی 5 درصد سبوس گندم تخمیر شده، جیره رقیق شده حاوی 5 درصد سبوس گندم معمولی به همراه آنزیم فیتاز، جیره رقیق شده حاوی 5 درصد سبوس گندم تخمیر شده به همراه آنزیم فیتاز بودند. سطح آنزیم فیتاز مورد استفاده به میزان 2500 واحد در کیلوگرم خوراک بود. جوجه‌های مورد آزمایش تا سن 24 روزگی از جیره‌های آزمایشی حاوی سبوس و از سن 24 روزگی تا آخر دوره از جیره شاهد و شاهد رقیق شده بدون سبوس گندم تغذیه نمودند. نتایج نشان داد که افزودن 5 درصد سبوس گندم به جیره شاهد فاقد تاثیر معنی‌دار بر صفات عملکردی، وزن نسبی اجزاء لاشه و مقادیر کلسیم و پروتئین سرم در سن 21 روزگی بود ، اگرچه سطح فسفر سرم به طور معنی‌داری افزایش یافت. نتایج بیانگر اثرات منفی کاهش غلظت مواد مغذی جیره بر وزن بدن، اضافه وزن کل دوره و غلظت فسفر سرم بود، در حالیکه ضریب تبدیل خوراک و غلظت کلسیم و پروتئین کل سرم در سن 21 روزگی تحت تاثیر رقیق کردن جیره قرار نگرفتند . یافته‌های این آزمایش بیانگر این بود که افزودن 5 درصد سبوس تخمیر شده به جیره موجب بهبود اضافه وزن بدن، مصرف خوراک و بهبود ضریب تبدیل خوراک گردید. وزن نسبی اجزاء لاشه و مورفولوژی ژژنوم در سن 21 روزگی تحت تاثیر رقیق کردن جیره و یا افزودن سبوس گندم تخمیر شده به جیره قرار نگرفتند. افزودن آنزیم فیتاز به جیره بدون توجه به منبع سبوس گندم مورد استفاده موجب افزایش معنی‌دار وزن بدن در سن 42 روزگی، اضافه وزن در دوره سنی 25 تا 42 روزگی و مصرف خوراک در دوره‌های سنی 25 تا 42 و 1 تا 42 روزگی گردید. بعلاوه افزودن آنزیم فیتاز به جیره موجب افزایش سطح فسفر سرم و کاهش سطح کلسیم سرم در سن 21 روزگی گردید. بطورکلی نتایج بیانگر این بود که افزودن 5 درصد سبوس تخمیر شده به جیره جوجه‌های گوشتی توانست اثرات منفی کم کردن مواد معدنی ذکر شده تحت عنوان تیمارهای رقیق شده بر صفات عملکردی را جبران نماید و اثرات مفید افزودن آنزیم فیتاز به میزان بالاتر از حد توصیه شده توانست بدون توجه به منبع سبوس مورد استفاده موجب بهبود صفات عملکردی گردد.

دمای بالا باعث ایجاد طیفی از اختلالات متابولیک در بسیاری از حیوانات می شود، که منجر به اثرات نامطلوب بر افزایش وزن زنده، تولید تخم بلدرچین، کیفیت تخم بلدرچین و راندمان خوراک می شود. مطالعه حاضر با هدف ارزیابی اثرات تفاله زیتون تخمیر شده بر عملکرد و کیفیت تخم بلدرچین، شاخص های خونی و قابلیت هضم مواد مغذی در بلدرچین ژاپنی در معرض دمای بالای محیط انجام شد. در مجموع 175 بلدرچین در سن 15 هفتگی با وزن بدن تقریباً یکسان به طور تصادفی به هفت تیمار شامل پنج تکرار و پنج پرنده در هر تکرار اختصاص داده شد. پرندگان در معرض 16 ساعت نور و 8 ساعت تاریکی قرار گرفتند. هر قفس مجهز به آبخوری نیپلی و سیستم گرمایش الکتریکی بود. آزمایش در سن 16 هفتگی شروع شد. بلدرچین ها به مدت 5 ساعت در روز (12:00 تا 17:00) به مدت 32 روز متوالی در معرض دمای 2±35 درجه سانتی گراد به عنوان گروه های تحت استرس گرما قرار گرفتند و هفت تیمار غذایی شامل: جیره بر پایه ذرت و کنجاله سویا به عنوان شاهد، جیره های غذایی حاوی 5، 10 و 15 درصد تفاله زیتون تخمیرنشده و جیره های حاوی 5، 10 و 15 درصد تفاله زیتون تخمیرشده تقسیم شدند. دو سویه باکتریایی لاکتوباسیلوس پلانتاروم و باسیلوس سوبتیلیس برای تخمیر استفاده شدند. پارامترهایی مانند تولید تخم، وزن تخم، ضخامت پوسته تخم و درصد زرده و سفیده تخم ارزیابی شدند. همچنین، تغییرات در ترکیبات بیوشیمیایی سرم مانند گلوکز و پروفایل لیپیدی کنترل شد. بعلاوه، تغییرات هیستوپاتولوژیک بافت کبد مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج حاصل از آنالیز شیمیایی نشان داد که مقادیر عصاره اتری، محتوای خاکستر، پروتئین خام و همی سلولز در زیتون تخمیر شده به طور معنی داری بیشتر از زیتون تخمیر نشده بود (01/0 > P)، اما مقادیر فیبر خام، NDF، ADF، ADL و سلولز در زیتون تخمیر نشده بیشتر بود (01/0 > P). جیره حاوی زیتون تخمیرشده و تخمیرنشده اثر معنی داری بر ضریب تبدیل خوراک نداشت (05/0 < P). وزن نهایی بدن و افزایش وزن بدن در بلدرچین هایی که جیره حاوی 5 درصد زیتون تخمیرنشده را دریافت کرده بودند به طور معنی داری بیشتر از سایر تیمارها بود (01/0 > P). همچنین مصرف خوراک روزانه در بلدرچین هایی که جیره حاوی 15 درصد زیتون تخمیره شده مصرف کرده بودند کمتر از سایر تیمارها بود (01/0 > P). بیشترین و کمترین تولید تخم در بلدرچین هایی مشاهده شد که به ترتیب جیره حاوی 10 درصد زیتون تخمیرشده و 10 درصد زیتون تخمیرنشده دریافت کرده بودند. همچنینط افزودن 15 درصد زیتون تخمیرشده و 5 درصد زیتون تخمیرنشده موجب افزایش وزن تخم در مقایسه با سایر تیمارها شد (01/0 > P). حجم تخم بلدرچین هایی که تیمار کنترل مصرف کرده بودند در مقایسه با سایر تیمارها به طور معنی داری کمتر بود (01/0 > P). از میان شاخص های کیفیت تخم، تنها درصد آلبومن تحت تأثیر تیمارهای مورد آزمایش قرار گرفت، به طوری که بیشترین درصد آلبومن در بلدرچین هایی مشاهده شد که جیره حاوی 15 درصد زیتون تخمیرنشده مصرف کرده بودند (01/0 > P). جیره حاوی 10 درصد زیتون تخمیرنشده موجب افزایش معنی دار مقدار گلوکز در مقایسه با سایر تیمارها شد (01/0 > P). همچنین مقدار کلسترول در خون بلدرچین هایی که با تیمار کنترل تغذیه شده بودند در مقایسه با سایر تیمارها بیشتر بود (01/0 > P). کمترین مقادیر HDL و LDL مربوط به جیره حاوی 5 درصد زیتون تخمیرشده و 5 درصد زیتون تخمیرنشده و بیشترین مقادیر آن ها مربوط به جیره کنترل و جیره حاوی 15 درصد زیتون تخمیرنشده بود (01/0 > P)، هرچند تفاوت معنی داری میان مقدار LDL در خون بلدرچین های مصرف کننده جیره کنترل و سایر جیره ها وجود نداشت. تفاله زیتون تخمیر شده باعث تفاوت معنی داری در شمارش گلبول های سفید خون (WBCs) به ویژه در بلدرچین های تغذیه شده با جیره حاوی 10 و 15 درصد تفاله زیتون تخمیرشده نسبت به سایر گروه ها شد. همچنین بلدرچین هایی که 10 درصد تفاله زیتون تخمیر شده دریافت کرده بودند، کبد سالم تر و تولید تخم بیشتری نسبت به سایر گروه ها در شرایط تنش گرمایی داشتند. بعلاوه، وضعیت آنتی اکسیدانی در بلدرچین های دریافت کننده تفاله زیتون تخمیرشده بهبود یافت. در آزمایش دوم، حلال های مختلفی شامل آب، متانول 99 درصد، اتانول 96 درصد، استون 70 درصد، اسید کلریدریک 37 درصد و متانول 99 درصد با 2 درصد عصاره دی متیل سولفوکسید (DMSO) برای عصاره گیری مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد زمانی که از آب به عنوان حلال استفاده شد، 1,2,3-Propanetriol, monoacetate با 08/37 درصد و 37/61 درصد بیشترین ترکیب در زیتون تخمیرشده و تخمیرنشده بود. همچنین مقادیر Oleic acid در عصاره اتانولی زیتون تخمیرشده و تخمیرنشده به ترتیب 16/98 و 96 درصد بود. بیشترین ترکیب موجود در عصاره حاصل از سایر حلا

This study was performed to investigate the effects of fermented olive pomace as a dietary supplement in the diet of laying quail on egg yield, egg quality and intestinal microbes of laying quail. The experiment was performed on 245 laying quails aged 7 to 8 weeks and in a completely randomized design including 7 treatments in 5 replications and each replication including 7 laying quails. Experimental treatments included 3 levels of fermented and unfermented olive pomace (5, 10, 15%). The fermentation process was performed by two bacteria, Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus subtilis. The results showed that adding 15% of fermented olive pomace to the diet caused a significant increase in body weight (P <0.05). The use of 10% level of fermented olive pomace in the diet significantly increases the height of egg yolk (P <0.05) and the use of 15% level of fermented olive pomace in the diet causes a significant increase in width. The villi base and villi surface increased in the jejunum (P <0.05). The use of fermented olive pomace significantly increased the number of Lactobacillus bacteria in the gut, but the total number of Escherichia coli bacteria did not change significantly. The use of different levels of olive pomace in the diet had no significant effect on shell thickness, spawning rate, number of E. coli in the intestine, and the morphology deudenum and ileum of birds (P> 0.05).

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of fermentation of sprouted wheat on small intestine function and morphology and microbial population of broilers cecum. In order to achieve this goal, 595 one-day-old chickens of Ross 308 strain were used, which were randomly assigned to five experimental treatments (levels of 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 ml of liquid obtained from the fermentation of sprouted wheat) with seven replications. The results of this study showed that the effects of using the liquid obtained from the fermentation of sprouted wheat in the starter period on body weight gain were not statistically significant, but led to a significant reduction in feed intake and feed conversion ratio compared to the control group (p <0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that the inclusion of fluid from the fermentation of sprouted wheat in the starter period with different ratios in the diet of broilers compared to the control group leads to a significant reduction in feed intake and a significant reduction in feed conversion ratio without affecting weight loss. Histo-morphological results also showed that with increasing the amount of fluid obtained from the fermentation of sprouted wheat, the height and width of the villi increased and also the crypt depth and the ratio of villi height to the depth of the jejunum crypt decreased compared to the control group but none was statistically significant (p <0.05). The results of this study showed that the inclusion of different ratios of liquid obtained from fermentation of sprouted wheat led to a significant increase in the population of cecum lactobacilli compared to the control group(p <0.05). Generally, the results indicate that experimental treatments with different levels of liquid from the fermentation of sprouted wheat in the starter period, led to a significant reduction in feed intake and feed conversion ratio and did not have negative impact on body weight gain, significant height increasing , villi width, the ratio of villi height to ileal crypt's depth and population of cecal lactobacilli.